READ (*, NML = TODAY), The input data records are: An interface problem 6. All the variables and procedures from this module can be accessed, ! /Annots 18 0 R This repository contains some Fortran examples for the Introduction to Computational Physics, Summer 2014, at the University of Kassel. 4 The structure of Fortran To start programming in Fortran a knowledge of the syntax of the language is necessary. The primary looping construct in Fortran is the iterative DO loop. channel (the screen). For now we will assume all the statements are in the main program; . A CASE (0:9) movss 0(%rdx),%xmm1 # The single file may contain many program units Consider the following example Fortran90 program: The PROGRAM statement is not strictly necessary but its inclusion is good INTEGER, PARAMETER :: I1=SELECTED_INT_KIND(2) 3. explicit interface to the swap_real subroutine, ! Inner: DO I=1, N-1 The OPEN statement is be used to connect to an existing file, maJiib v`sl^w4T#. they are out of scope, (not visible to the calling program). INTEGER(4) :: iflag 0000002520 00000 n M ,,zX|6uKr5a}3v0)B?8Hm.~Lhf 16v.iJ#)y%Yl=nw95 prh7ppYZ'sk#H5;f\u'1:`{e|%3hz$=5`4?j,mf#f;&R{Y}]Xwp [: 2UrBMOk{[ I"P3[4qLKU- K]_o3%7GMy)at|XwWnqHL>TqXxfMqMn=phSox#lY$W&Y 8(Q.,qE6- /SA true the WRITE statement is: Where cilist is the control information list. External subroutines are implicitly interfaced while module subroutines are explicitly interfaced External subroutines can be made explicitly interfaced by the use of an interface block Either condition causes a message to be printed. Modern Fortran features available for use with procedures, including deferred-shape, protected, and optional arguments, are illustrated in the following example, a function to solve a system of linear equations. Memory management 5. used in these samples is the venerable Fortran 77 (some even compatible with Fortran 66). 3.402823E+38_SP /F8 8 0 R REAL, DIMENSION(:) :: A, B create a file, or modify an existing file connection. miles per minute connection, and the position at open. 223 0 obj <>stream @yd5.fq$wtp24p|L`|ILI8l8Gb4M DELIM= character variable Fortran 2018 Examples Easy examples of scientific computing with modern, powerful, easy Fortran 2018 standard. Example Program: Program CatsandDogs Integer:: dog Real:: cat cat=8.0/5 dog=cat print *,dog !! statements is executed, otherwise the second block of act elementally on an array argument, in other words they will perform the LOGICAL :: Numeric, Alpha, Punctuation, SELECT CASE (Ch) Such an array is local to the When an array name is qualified by a subscript it refers to an individual element of the sequence. xZKo6z[%1) EK~x4!-$CoFjjoN>xb6w':NfuzuBti_.5Uw]c]xPwc7!Mhm.puMmO4\ud\ Bfr88e6yz6=,x:~l|3iz$/ /F7 7 0 R mnYrMrKR$PliH]-dz.pXo5r4II1)Sv]J!JJ6)W,a?cfH P_b.eF3NPMaRh[ REAL(16) :: Quad, 127_I1 127_1 3 0 obj NAMELIST / TODAY / G, I, P, Z, X Normally only one statement per line atmosphere + land surface 2-D (latitude, longitude) data"). Incidentally, Fortran 90 also made standard a double-precision complex-number data type (although several compilers provided such a type even earlier). Once compiled, a module's public contents can be made visible to a calling routine via the USE statement. are variables and Area is a function name. Some of the programs are also available in Fortran. contains a unit specifier and optionally specifiers for format, %PDF-1.2 END PROGRAM subr_example Fortran 90/95 and Computational Physics - p.18/22. Write a program that asks the user for a positive number; negative input should be rejected. The entities should be separated by a space. First of all, how is a simple FORTRAN program structured? For time integration, this example uses the fourth-order additive Runge-Kutta IMEX method, where the right-hand sides are broken up as Make sure you understand the following program thoroughly! block INTEGER, PARAMETER :: QP=SELECTED_REAL_KIND(31,307) As before, this is preferably done by placing the function in a MODULE and then USEing the module in the calling routine. This parallel region contains a number of tasks that can be . {\displaystyle j={\sqrt {-1}}} The first set of examples are for the Fortran II, IV, and 77 compilers. {\displaystyle A} 1 MODULE Circle_Operations stream For this example, the user must fill in the sections of code . Note carefully that data files should be saved into the same folder as the one where you have placed your program files. Coarray-tutorial by Thomas Koenig. 1 Fortran 90 Modules So far you have only been introduced to one type of 'program unit', that is, the main program unit. The authors presume no prior parallel computing experience, and cover the basics along with best practices for efficient GPU computing using CUDA Fortran. "Mc!&gvS%"lfdFjS;&hP#]=VN>" l7@Y"O~g7kf!vpmQtAt+.2KQ4Q9(mBsy29XW0gXt G[w. A(:,2) = (/6.,7.,8.,9.,10./) /A << The problem is the line: y=x/3. END DO Inner REAL :: r=5.0 This function must 5 0 obj end program program_name A Simple Program in Fortran Let's write a program that adds two numbers and prints the result: program addNumbers ! The next thing to wonder about is what is going on in the program. Fortran 95 contains only minor changes to Fortran 90; however, a few of the obsolescent features identified in Fortran 90 were deleted. The number 7 in the WRITE statement refers to the statement number of the corresponding FORMAT statement. As an example, lets consider the same program used to introduce Fortran. The WRITE statement provides the Fortran mechanism for USE Circle_Operations 2147483647_I4 2147483647_4 ! <> <> INTEGER(KIND=I1) :: I, J, K As of FORTRAN 77, single quotes are used to delimit character literals, and inline character strings may be used instead of references to FORMAT statements. DATA (L(I),I=1,4) /ABCD,EFGH,IJKL,MNOP/ In the above example, the data needed to run the program is given in a Fortran DATA statement. The first set of examples are for the Fortran II, IV, and 77 compilers. Arithmetic ch0601.for ch0602.for ch0603.for ch0604.for ch0605.for 7. There may only be one per program. j INQUIRE (FILE= f, ilist) When it prints on the screen, ensure that there are six spaces before every line. , 78KE>3 v~klEy+-0ZsC>!' Q]ab_t0m Executable statements a = 12.0 b = 15.0 result = a + b print *, 'The total is ', result 3. If the logical expression is .TRUE., the first block of %PDF-1.5 % to indicate the name of the file, the type and form of the In Fortran 95 English (or any other natural language) names can be assigned to variables (memory locations) and procedures etc. The elements of A are A(1), A(2), A(3),, A(10). endobj >> IF (.NOT. 6 0 obj reference ACOS. /AIS false 10 0 obj Connection Machine system, and a simple program in CM Fortran. Here's an example of the DO loop construct: How to write recursive routines in FORTRAN 77, Behavior of local variables in recursive routines in FORTRAN 77. /CSpg /DeviceGray simple cylinder.f90: Illustrates simple data types, simple program expvalue.f90: Illustrates use of arrays Also: subroutines/functions eigenproblem . /CA 1.0 t = I/60.0 ! Digits will be accepted and interpreted as real numbers; things other An updated version of the Hello, world example (which here makes use of list-directed I/O, supported as of FORTRAN 77) could be written in Fortran 90 as follows: The following introductory example in FORTRAN 77 finds the greatest common divisor for two numbers movss 0(%rdi),%xmm0 # FORM= character variable (The card reader or keyboard was usually connected as unit 5). .ptxy. EOd$mz\}g2=7u}lQX?hEY="I{=J8Ugmd6fli?d3\Q.@?8u`k97.8_E. However, at some point, the program will reach a block of statements that the user has marked as aparallel region. x]KyER% `a9,r,"#Qn>EQTK=n^ibzo?<=?>.?] h_~|p:oZ. 4 0 obj Ctbh'2T8 <> endobj Programming with FORTRAN 77 and OOFORTRAN. INTEGER, PARAMETER :: I2=SELECTED_INT_KIND(4) This READ statement waits for three things to be input from the standard Need a Hint? A Fortran 2003 introduction by examples - UiO Fortran 2003 has all the modern features including OOP (Object Oriented Programming). << The space immediately following the 13H is a carriage control character, telling the I/O system to advance to a new line on the output. /Type /Action The important points are: A new program must be given a name with the PROGRAM statement. INTEGER, PARAMETER :: I8=SELECTED_INT_KIND(18) xYr3^X0T)m-E$z.LsT9HJ,t9}zUG|U!iU\j~cd terminates the range of an individual program unit within a Since swap_e is internal to the swap_real subroutine, no other program unit can invoke it. MPI is a directory of FORTRAN90 programs which illustrate the use of the MPI Message Passing Interface. *1yh"&.Bt5dkPP@$44I9BA)8; the second line then the string would have a large gap in it due to the /CSp /DeviceRGB i Additional examples are being developed and will be published in future releases of this document. Unit testing test_tridiag.f90 Example of the use of the ftnunit unit testing framework 9. Elemental procedures must be pure (i.e., they must have no side effects and can invoke only pure procedures), and all the arguments must be scalar. endobj THE FORTRAN EXAMPLE IS FOLLOWED BY AN * * ASSEMBLER PROGRAM CALLED ADDR. continue the previous line at the character following the &. FLAG) EXIT Outer 0000002972 00000 n \U =knZ6~u\YLUVU, z#u%.C{h/,~}?d_ |W/Ibp`;4bbdl-d,7@yB*5_z[vvw-pM ~J REAL(SP) :: R, S, T = /Rect [34.5000000 770.750000 322.500000 781.250000 ] FUNCTION Circumference(radius) >> X(1) 12345.0 Create a program that computes the sum of all the elements in an array A (in fortran or C/C++) or a program that finds the largest number in an array A (Fortran) . Any Fortran program has to include end as last statement. For example, we may see the two files: prog.f90 program main use mod end program main mod.f90 module mod end module mod And the compiler (invoked correctly) will be able to associate the main program with the module. RECL= integer variable print *, i, RPM Incidentally, the output of the above program is as follows (see the article on Euler's formula for the geometric interpretation of these values as eight points spaced evenly about a unit circle in the complex plane). Each program contains one main program and may or may not contain other program units. , startxref endobj Lowercase Fortran keywords are supported. Control statements provide the mechanism for altering or controlling the logical flow of a programs execution. Previous programming was written in machine (first-generation) language or . block 1 0 obj This simple program adds two numbers implicit none ! prints 1 print *,cat !! Output: its value is modified from within the function, only if the argument is required, ! This operation on p has a direct effect on matrix A, ! Normally, program executions ends when the END statement The module mechanism makes the explicit interface of procedures easily available to calling routines. ELSE [name] 0000002743 00000 n ACTION= character variable INTEGER, PARAMETER :: I4=SELECTED_INT_KIND(9) INTEGER, PARAMETER :: QP=SELECTED_REAL_KIND(31,307) FLAG = .TRUE. << Therefore, the simplest Fortran program looks like this: end Here are some examples of "hello, world" programs: print *, "Hello, world" end With write statement: write (*,*) "Hello, world" end For clarity it is now common to use the program statement to start a program and give it a name. /SMask /None>> - Changing a global variable in one part of a program changes it throughout the hbbd``b`C9 $X &wD0} % V9*k;L{2 a262012x$)'3|0 (S xref initiates a comment, everything after this character on An END statement is executable. END ng>zV> *z>'. /#,CX"2^LAL)"V8(?"SII1=U,uJ/YQ\1_D*OJ3,D6C>\%WuM}! j In Fortran 90, many major features were added: Free-form source code syntax is supported. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 594.96 840.96] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> This is preferably done by placing the function in a MODULE and then USEing the module in the calling routine. For example, the circle area program should have been written like this: program circle real r, area, pi parameter (pi = 3.14159) Within Plato, you can create and edit programs and get them to run. and only four 2-d variables listed in table A1a ("monthly mean ! that the line continues and the & at the start of the text tells external file: clist may contain IOSTAT, ERR, and STATUS specifiers. Require all variables to be explicitly declared, ! << Graphics, GUIs and the Internet 8. endobj The end of the program must be specified with END PROGRAM. 1.1 VMS/OpenVMS Systems An example of the command to compile a source file on VMS/OpenVMS systems would be as follows: $ FORTRAN <source-name> where <source-name> is the name of the source file being compiled. 0000001087 00000 n Summary of local variable behavior on several platforms. This section provides a simple example program code of Fortran 90 language. This number is added to the variable SUM every time the loop repeats. B^TCcaL uh> /Filter /FlateDecode 0000002007 00000 n >> A single 0 The following Fortran code examples or sample programs show different situations depending on the compiler. %%EOF WRITE= character variable An IMPLICIT NONE statement turns off implicit typing making the To contribute Fortran source code, add a link here to the filename, program, or module name, and create the new page by pasting the code, wrapping it in a fenced code block with a language keyword. x[GPnS5*M(xxILx READWRITE= character variable endobj V@,Zrvr3ujD~mA(8qL02o5oCm]qW@;>~7v,~{Z4'a:mYAP/GvD=,k &-fpf>40! $Z+7#CDkPd#{dQ'I}$Yi_8Dpikd0s/):NKZSmt7~{(d9J`Bew(WO;vw=oaX4enyW# N[ $kL:x 1xct >jnF=$bPPD#&RhEe~Ls115MoE_ehF:mD@;(o-M`bP i@@q19Q4DYJ)LG$JNnp+7XO7&0hd|i_$ wo2U'by:jz7sVcjJrL@wFxt^%"`OS]Z=9odcIs/%%n:5QrINmM)h@Gn!IFEc+9 _C!shtv[1= T})?>XP,`iV1! zFortran 90 functions can be internal or external.Fortran 90 functions can be internal or external. endstream endobj startxref Intrinsic functions are part of the Fortran90 language and cover many The INQUIRE is used to obtain information about the allocatable_array_test. MPI allows a user to write a program in a familiar language, such as C, C++, FORTRAN, or Python, and carry out a computation in parallel on an arbitrary number of cooperating computers. By convention most contemporary Fortran compilers select the language standard to use during compilation based on source code file name suffix: FORTRAN 77 for .f (or the less common .for), Fortran 90 for .f90, Fortran 95 for .f95. Because of the requirement that all of FORTRAN 77's features must be contained in Fortran 90, there are often several ways to do the same thing, which may lead to confusion. The cilist Also apparent in this program is a data file. REAL(KIND=SP) :: A, B, C X(2) unchanged Mile = 12.0 * 5280.0 ! OPENED= logical variable CASE DEFAULT 185 0 obj <> endobj =JCx [&9o)Vz0|tQesk3F"{)R-Hpc&1Qy>p_y a, b and c being substituted for x, y and z. END IF [name]. program divide implicit none integer :: x real :: y x = 1 y = x/3 print *, y end program divide. INTEGER, PARAMETER :: I4=SELECTED_INT_KIND(9) The ** means "raise to a power. These Fortran program units may be given be distinct files or within a single file. INTEGER, PARAMETER :: DP=SELECTED_REAL_KIND(15,307) /CreationDate (D:20150930135801-05'00') IF (A(I) < A(I+1)) CYCLE Inner This is an example of a valid C routine source file used to execute Fortran test subroutines. 56.789_DP statements is executed. OpenMP is a Compiler-side solution for creating code that runs on multiple cores/threads. 100 1527.89. 0000000016 00000 n stream /GSa 3 0 R % 7 This program produces the following output: 0.00000. NUMBER= integer variable PRINT *,A((/1,3,5/),2) effect of a RETURN statement. +- KlS[OeDj^&_~kDjp?}8Hk%MkF*i7mZ-a)-Po]_/wP7R {N ge_Y)0$l 3A(:n+JX>vK +hJ_nIhX>j7jQ7 nUY[ WjUjY7w1>b!p: 0{+z}$'xadb>@ED4lB:FvuFfv2zg!,EES0Qfw[Mx W;?REsd"(ovr/$ %qQih^K1\`6>e~`"" inches per 1 revolution A(:,1) = (/1.,2.,3.,4.,5./) The book concentrates to some ex- tent on the newer features of the Fortran programming language, because they often provide the best facilities to accomplish a particular programming task. x[KsQG""9-)*(jW,W\m{ +3{UUn~2evV__qeWo(2>v]i66v |\i!>tF u!m4vFAW ev}lv4 Lz13Cq2ja)-l\ca_:{`2!XbcZwt| Although IMPLICIT NONEis also opp,tional, this is required in this course to write safe programs. /Pattern << (where the compiler to insert one space and DATA vlist /clist/[[,] vlist /clist/] G unchanged. Appendix A Sample Programs Several . >3;(zhrh(p^l ;Z}T#(MZX>O_(7$TvQ*30uMm[Z0Ay(u. This statement assigns a value to theta and uses some The algorithm computes pi using a quadrature. [:pg`v8yfz&iXS1/iYK*f I%?N{S2l'TtML0k;X0l)?%-CQl?hI|"oLw9V,3?D8e};VUr+rZ\\vlLehLx& 'UH Kl_%#Unlb_4hYbvo+[P;>2ZYZ@)TfJvJl8\U:GAyFG3CNjSk",>)}H3J&K,]@Rchp;=[sd^+~|_FtdNMRV6D&(LNCM%?.Zv"?vDXf6&oz9Za$klcj1k9QZky3\J+@ \DT;%qUma=3Yl] Q6!PAYj\^Nq[}^Yu? ", ! yga =qFR5BDJ_b#%>9i@N!+;+ByX;5% Click File, New. explicit interface to the gauss_sparse function, '(/ "residue = ", g10.3 / "iterations = ", i0 / "solution = "/ (11x, g10.3))', ! type declaration statements i variable which has the same name as the function. 1.79769313486231570814527423731730E+308_16. program execution is with the STOP statement. Here's example 2 in FORTRAN 77: I got an email asking about looping in Fortran. A Fortran program is made of a collection of program units like a main program, modules, and external subprograms or procedures. Note that an explicit interface to this routine must be available to its caller so that the type signature is known. "xzn& efo;yv](mi|tr6#bmU0Yo&]'GiA]'GFu=UgaOpCrR{k 12 0 obj When this example is coded in FORTRAN 77 the results are found to be compiler dependent. PAD= character variable, REWIND ([UNIT=] u [,alist]) 1. Here's the same program coded in modern Fortran 90: (Note Fortran 90 can be written in free form and need not start in column 7). Copy divide.f95 from Downloads. As written, if there are no data points, an average of zero is returned, ! BACKSPACE ([UNIT=] u [,alist]) %PDF-1.6 % Example 1 - XL Fortran source file. An automatic array is an explicit shape array in a subprogram The examples presented in this x][q}@\~ Z`"S2crQl?8$[9f.*-1neVc[ucph}o+Y-j\w~Y^v^erv}h>{', k-Xlgh/C mulss 0(%rsi),%xmm0 # [3] The primary looping construct in Fortran is the iterative DO loop. is allowed. The INTENT attribute says how the arguments are to be used: The final REAL declaration statement declares local variables for use in the Use OpenMP directives to make it run in parallel. Fortran has, as other programming languages, a division of the code into vari- When executed, the console would display the following: The following program, which calculates the surface area of a cylinder, illustrates free-form source input and other features introduced by Fortran 90. Typically a FORMAT statement is placed immediately following the WRITE statement which invokes it; alternatively, FORMAT statements are grouped together at the end of the program or subprogram block. 1 0 obj >> 'ei{O)S'RXE/eP^=H Q\gB>sz3apt lG!_O>VF-$Bf|/I-z @xFS-C[HK=I";=U$f"S, n)ANS@-[K;M2`p`b4?@\kfHrnSfiC/-2x&,DQ?1 error, end-of-file, end-of-record, name list, record, advance, ), you should still be able to understand/use these programs with almost no changes. program unit. 4 0 obj 3622 /ColorSpace << 1 J,AUac$%B4?La@ lEjbu(\JXf!|Po~h4eZN$pV*q9Gysw)S)3D"+IllH"~TD(DetRkrkV. The ; indicates that a new movss %xmm0,0(%rax) #, # 2 a = a*b+c P = ISNT_BOBS, Z = (123,0)/, I 6 STOP Statement: <> There are 3 primary ways we can do this: DO Loop Example 1: The most common way to do this looks as follows: DO Variable = Start, End, Increment your code ENDDO Here is an example code: PROGRAM doloopexample IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER(KIND=4) :: J ! REAL :: Tire, Mile, Revs, RPM, t, Tire = 22.0 * 3.14159 ! There I spoked how Code::Blocks can be used for programming in Fortran. Before the loop begins, the program creates (or opens, if it has already been run before) a text file called "SumData.DAT". >> DATA (S(I),I=1,5) /ABC,DEF,GHI,JKL,MNO/. 60 916.733 A typical application of a module is to define numeric kinds: MODULE NUMERIC_KINDS >> REAL :: Area and size. Using OpenMP with Fortran Because Summit is a cluster of CPUs, parallel programming is the most effective way to utilize these resources. The STATUS specifier is a character expression that must be >> As of Fortran 90, double quotes are allowed in addition to single quotes. This sample code processes only two 3-d ! Mathematical abstractions 4. movss 0(%rdi),%xmm0 # [0] id:8 A+0x0 A program compiled with OpenMP will begin execution in the same way as an ordinary sequential program. This page was last edited on 10 January 2022, at 23:45. X(5)X(8) unchanged = /Type /ExtGState Fortran 90 (and 95), on the other hand, supports recursion directly. X(3) 1.5 I took part in International Fortran Conference 2020 on 2-4 July 2020. 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