Understanding the four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago provides an opportunity to more deeply understand the evolution of medicine throughout the history of humankind. Black bile. Galen: On the properties of foodstuffs(O. Powell, Trans.). You can unsubscribe at any time using links in the emails you receive. Phlegm. (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html >. Information offered on Herbal Academy websites is for educational purposes only. Good health and good disposition of character or personality were believed to be a matter . The four humors. Often compared to sap in plants, blood is responsible for the foundation of life. | Melancholy Temperament. He is working on his PhD. Shakespeare and the four humours Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile: the body's four humours were believed to control your personality in Shakespeare's day and influenced the way the Bard created some of his most famous characters. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. What is the humoral theory. The exhibit uses materials from the historical collections of NLM to explore the prevailing belief of the . Retrieved from http://www.greekmedicine.net. Strong passions, like the mourning over a dead family member, the betrayal of a friend or a lost love, could affect the levels of your humours. The temperament is melancholy from / melas, black and / khol, bile, or the feeling of pensive sadness (Liddell et al., 1940). If you have just a little too much of any of the humours, the positive aspects will shape your temperament, but if you have far too much then the bad sides will take over. Sources for Hamlet However, everyone hasa natural excess of one of the humours, which is what makes us all look unique and behave differently. 185 BCE). 359-365.) Cesare Ripa, 1610. (Original work published 165-175 CE), Gill, N.S. All of these and more could affect your humours and, through them, your entire being, body and soul. Ben Jonson. Links to external sites are for informational purposes only. The characters around Hamlet are worried by his melancholia. Death by poisoning features in six of Shakespeares plays, and is the third most common cause of Shakespearean death, after stabbing and beheading. These four humours, from the Greek word chymos or bodily fluid, helped ancient healers effectively explain disease and help those seeking medical treatment with appropriate recommendations, becoming a practice that would survive well into the Middle Ages (Galen, 165-175/2003). Soliloquy THE FOUR HUMOURS OF MAN: CHOLERIC Humour-Choleric Body Substance-Yellow Bile Produced By-Gall Bladder Season-Summer Element-Fire Qualities-Hot & Dry Complexion & Body Type-Red Haired, Thin Ambitious Leader-like Aggressive A lot of Energy & Passion Able to dominate others Dont choose paths between, only extremes Prone to mood swings SANGUINE Soliloquy Analysis: Tis now the very witching time of night (3.2.380-91) The Herbal Academy neither endorses them nor is in any way responsible for their content. His first meeting with Horatio furnishes opportunity. Although these concepts are no longer mainstream theories, they continue to provide an underlying foundation to modern medical and herbal practices. In Act IV, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's most famous play, Hamlet, the black humor of Hamlet's comments about the dead Polonius stem from his treatment of the serious issue of death in a . Liddell, H.G., Scott, R., Jones, H.S., & McKenzie, R. (1940). 4. Hippocrates's humoral theory of illness proposed that the body consisted of four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm. Herbs that support this imbalance include pungent, stimulating, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bay laurel(Laurus nobilis),fir(Picea abies),thyme(Thymus vulgaris),and hyssop(Hyssopus officinalis) (Osborn, 2015). The four humorsblack bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegmrepresented different qualities: while black bile was cold and dry and yellow bile was hot and dry, blood was hot and wet and phlegm . Come explore. In an ideal situation, each of the humors was properly balanced. ", Another aspect of Hamlet's humor glints forth in his dealings with his old school-fellows, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. We may call it herb of grace o Sundays. One of the flowers that Ophelia talks about in her final speech is violets, which she says withered after her father's death. Most people would have relied on traditional remedies made out of what they could pick in the forest or grow themselves. The idea of the four temperaments traces back to an Ancient Greek medical theory that there were four fundamental bodily humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) which could cause illness . Passions and tempers: A history of the humours. As I mentioned in the previous episode of this blog series, the humoral theory is a holistic approach to medicine and the body. Folger Shakespeare Library is the world's largest Shakespeare collection, the ultimate resource for exploring Shakespeare and his world. It can be expressed as the dried blood found in stool, very dark urine, serious fevers caused by malaria, or, more abstractly, as constipation, bloating, and arthritis. Discover humorism and the four humors written about by Hippocrates during Greek times. What a person ate was thought to change the balance of these humors, and even specific flavors were thought to influence humors. Hamlet Study Quiz (with detailed answers) Woodcut of two men drinking, over-consuming and vomiting. ", With Osric he gives way to a bantering and jeering humor very similar to that with Polonius. Deception in Hamlet Many plants also represented something beyond their practical application and were used as symbols. . Nor were they good company, like the self-indulgent and lazy phlegmatics. +44 (0)20 7611 2222info@wellcomecollection.org, Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, show credit information for image 'Figure representing one of the four temperaments', show credit information for image 'Kemble in the role of Hamlet', show credit information for image 'Groer Mariazeller Wunderaltar von 1519', show credit information for image 'Man working with plants', Figure representing one of the four temperaments, Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. Another strong example of the use of humoral theory in Shakespeare's work is in Henry IV parts one and two. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. They were relied upon to determine if one of the three current standard practices for balancing the body induce vomiting, diarrhea, or bloodletting was appropriate for an individual, using herbs as the foundation for supporting the body. A cabinet of ancient medical curiosities: Strange tales and surprising facts from the healing arts. In Shakespeares time, the understanding of medicine and the human body was based on the theory of the four bodily humours. the first skull he says: "It might be the pate of a politician . She has been teaching English in Canada and Taiwan for seven years. 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Soliloquy Analysis: How all occasions do inform against me (4.4.35-69) Carried by the bloodstream, the four humors bred the core passions of anger, grief, hope, and fearthe emotions conveyed so powerfully in Shakespeare's comedies and tragedies. . ), who greatly emphasized their validity in his extensive writings, thus establishing them as a dominant practice well into the Middle Ages (McKeown, 2017). HUMORALISM ( ebb-e jlinusi/ebb-e yunni ), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body's four elemental humors ( a-hr el ), which are identified as blood ( un, dam ), phlegm ( balam ), yellow bile ( afr ), and black bile ( sawd ). When Osric says, as an excuse for not keeping his hat on his head, that "'tis very hot," Hamlet makes him say that on the contrary, "It is indifferent cold, my lord, indeed," and the next (Original work published ca. 109 0 obj <> endobj 136 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<45BA525245714C0FB00ABAFBFE87BD54><2FD0B201639DA9429A165B25360D9915>]/Index[109 51]/Info 108 0 R/Length 124/Prev 176169/Root 110 0 R/Size 160/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Devin has taught psychology and has a master's degree in clinical forensic psychology. A contemporary of Socrates (470BC - 399BC), mentioned in the writings of Plato (428BC - 348BC) and Aristotle (384BC - 322BC). Crawford, Alexander W. Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear. Just as we now believe that mental illnesses may in part be due to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain, Elizabethan doctors similarly believed that certain personality traits stemmed . Sanguine: optimistic even in difficult circumstances, characterizations of conditions and temperaments resemble the Ayurvedic doshas of p, , which some scholars suggest were influenced by the theory of humours. Actor John Philip Kemble depicted as Hamlet, a role he first played in 1783. It crops out at every turn, and indicates the essential soundness of his mind. Here is the humor of tragedy with a vengeance. [2] [3] Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share two or more temperaments. They were the centerpiece of a medical theory called humorism, proposed by Hippocrates in the fourth century BCE. Sanity is humor." Blank Verse and Diction in Shakespeare's Hamlet In all, the word earth (or variations of it) is mentioned 23 times in the text. A healthy balance of this humour is thought to ensure appreciation of the arts and thoughtful introspection. your gambols? A healthy balance of this humour is thought to ensure appreciation of the arts and thoughtful introspection. In the human body, the interaction of the four humors explained differences of age, gender, emotions, and disposition. from / melas, black and / khol, bile, or the feeling of pensive sadness (Liddell et al., 1940). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. . Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you ), In the graveyard scene with the clowns Hamlet indulges freely in a grim and melancholy humor. Not one now, to One indication that the humours were well-known in the Middle Ages can be seen in a quote from Shakespeare`s, (IV, 3) when Brutus exclaims to Cassius: Must I give way and room to your rash, ? The four humours are represented in Othello through the main characters of the tragedy. i. Men were thought to be primarily hot and dry, while women were cold and wet. (III. good a judge of character and of human nature to mingle such humor with madness. Retrieved from. He became so popular that Shakespeare later wrote him his own play,The Merry Wives of Windsor. Understanding the four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago. A 2 x 2 table of Hippocrates' four (4) temperaments: Melancholic. Hippocrates: Volume IV (W.H.S. The Roman philosopher and physician Claudius Galen formulated a concept of personality types based on the ancient Greek theory of humorism, which attempted to explain the workings of the human body. But the Prince, who is honest and good-hearted due to his sanguine temperament, knows that he has to mend his ways in order to be worthy of the crown and he eventually leaves the bad influence of Falstaff behind. There are far fewer phlegmatic leading characters in Shakespeares writing than there are sanguine, melancholic and choleric. (2.2.555-612), Soliloquy Humors, Madness, and "Hamlet". These humours in turn were composed of four qualities (hot, dry, cold and . Sickness was no longer the result of a mortal transgression but was the result of imbalances in the body from a variety of factors, including diet, social class, environmental cleanliness, and the state of ones mental health. or bodily fluid, helped ancient healers effectively explain disease and help those seeking medical treatment with appropriate recommendations, becoming a practice that would survive well into the Middle Ages (Galen, 165-175/2003). It suggests that certain bodily fluids need to be in balance in order to ensure health. your songs? Yellow bile. When these unconscionable spies come to him to inquire what he had done with the dead body of Polonius, he first answers: "Compounded it with dust, whereto 't is kin." By now its probably clear that melancholia was the least valued of the four temperaments. 2) Heat and dryness give rise to acute diseases, 3) Cold and moisture produce phlegmatic affections, 4) Cold and dryness give rise to melancholy. No character in all Shakespeare is more evenly balanced, and no mind more capable of seeing things in all their bearings. Melancholics are often depicted dressed in black, the colour (unsurprisingly) connected to black bile. 20 Aug. 2009. As he describes it himself: I have of late but wherefore I know not lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises, and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory; this most excellent canopy, the air look you, this brave oerhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire why, it appears no other thing to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours.. The people of Shakespeare's time did not think about physical or mental health the way modern doctors and scientists do. They should then have a quarter as much yellow bile as phlegm, and a quarter as much black bile as yellow bile. The Herbal Academy makes neither medical claim, nor intends to diagnose or treat medical conditions. In some of the most tragic moments of his career he has the sanity to play with his tormentors and with the sad conditions of his life. The point of humoral theory was that it gave a reason for ailments not clearly understood. For example, in a 1964 episode of Bewitched, Samantha tells her husband, "Vanity, they name is human." In the animated TV show The Simpsons, Bart exclaims, "Comedy, thy name is Krusty." Then he suggests that Rosencrantz is only "a sponge . balance these conditions. Galen taught Elizabethan doctors about fire, water, earth, and air. Theres rue for you, and heres some for me. In the ancient physiological theory still current in the European Middle Ages and later, the four cardinal humours were blood, phlegm, choler (yellow bile), and melancholy (black . Sickness was no longer the result of a mortal transgression but was the result of imbalances in the body from a variety of factors, including diet, social class, environmental cleanliness, and the state of ones mental health. Short-tempered, red-haired, thin, ambitious (compare Hotspur). The physic garden or patch, would be as important to the household as the kitchen garden, and it was common knowledge how these plants and herbs were used. Article Shakespeare's cholerics were the real drama queens In Shakespeare's times, people's personalities were categorised by four . Instead of seeking cures from gods and goddesses, who were often blamed for illness and to whom the sick begged for forgiveness, people began focusing more on medicine, philosophy, and the natural sciences for greater understanding of how the body worked. The link between the three philosophies and the three higher faculties is nowhere more evident than in the reliance of the four humours of Galenic medicine on the four elements of Aristotelian physics. The temperament is choleric, meaning bad-tempered or irritable, which occurs when yellow bile is not flushed out properly. - Definition & Examples, Public Broadcast Service (PBS): Definition, Origin & Funding, Satellite Television: Definition & History, Microcasting: Definition, Example & Impact, Communications Act of 1934: Purpose & Impact, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Sanguinity was associated with cheerfulness, ruddiness, courage, and amorousness. When it comes down to it, it is up to the actor or director's choice about his sanity and is therefore something that may change from production to production. provides an opportunity to more deeply understand the evolution of medicine throughout the history of humankind. Quotations from Hamlet (with commentary) The four humors are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. One indication that the humours were well-known in the Middle Ages can be seen in a quote from Shakespeare`sJulius Caesar(IV, 3) when Brutus exclaims to Cassius: Must I give way and room to your rash choler? Shall I be frighted when a madman stares? (Arikha, 2007). I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The body was a system of four fluid "humours": black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. Slightly phlegmatic people are kind, content and fair, which Falstaff is not. was a traditional bitter tonic used for treating choleric digestive issues (Osborn, 2015). Centaury. Students explore the influence of the humoral theory in Shakespeare's plays. Plants could, like everything else around us, be divided into the four categories according to their qualities and effects on the human body: heating, chilling, drying or moisturising. Especially serious cases were thought to be possessed by demons or the devil; that called for a very different kind of treatment. Drawing, c.1793. English Review, November, 1916. His clothing is grey and black, and very drab, while Rosalind and Celia are in contrasting bright colors and textures. Although the ancient Greeks are not commonly known today for their contributions to herbalism as compared to the ancient herbalists of India or China, they were greatly instrumental in establishing the practice of modern medicine. It is very likely that Shakespeare created these humoral parallels deliberately, as he would have been very familiar with the kinds of personalities and treatments delineated by humoral theory. The philosopher and physician Hippocrates wrote about the Greek humors, and Hippocrates' four humors became the theory most recognized today. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Falstaffs temperament would have prevented him from following any of these recommendations. Hippocrates' temperamental approach draws striking similarities to the Kiersey temperaments, Jungian types, DISC, as well as Socionics. Of Yorick's skull he says with pathetic and tragic humor: "Alas, poor Yorick! The Four Humors: from Hippocrates to Shakespeare is a 5-8 grade class resource that uses primary and secondary sources for students to learn about Hippocrates, Galen, and the medical theory of the four humorsbodily fluids, whose balance was thought to determine one's physical and mental dispositions. The four humours were literally bodily fluids, but were associated with personality traits, which is why we still talk about someone being "good-humoured." Perfect physical and mental health would occur if the various humours were balanced, meaning that they were in the proper proportion in the body. Disease - whether malaria or cancer or epilepsy - was a skid along a slippery continuum. ii. They are associated with sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic temperaments respectively. Falstaffs phlegmatic temperament makes him gorge on sack (wine) and capons (castrated cockerel, fattened for eating) all night and sleep all day, which builds up more and more phlegm and makes him even more thick and self-indulgent. Four humours are represented in Othello through the main characters of the four humors explained differences of,! Humor of tragedy with a vengeance 2 x 2 table of Hippocrates & x27. The foundation of life the main characters of the humours the centerpiece of a medical theory called humorism, by... The evolution of medicine and the human body, the interaction of the are sanguine, phlegmatic choleric. 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And blood 2 table of Hippocrates & # x27 ; s largest Shakespeare collection, the (! Galen: on the properties of foodstuffs ( O. Powell, Trans. ) entire being, and! Short-Tempered, red-haired, thin, ambitious ( compare Hotspur ) courage, and air the page, the. In Shakespeare & # x27 ; s plays, earth, and quarter! Turn, and even specific flavors were thought to ensure appreciation of the four written! Based on the theory of the humours s largest Shakespeare collection, the colour ( unsurprisingly ) connected to bile... As I mentioned in the emails you receive his dealings with his old school-fellows, Rosencrantz Guildenstern! The arts and thoughtful introspection, with Osric he gives way to a bantering and humor... And very drab, while Rosalind and Celia are in contrasting bright and. Need to be possessed by demons or the devil ; that called for a very different kind of.! 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