Also narrating his challenges, Loko Joseph, noted that the activity did not only disrupt their source of surviving income; he also lamented that the situation of the waterway around the site of the reclamation exercise has destroyed their fishing facilities. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). In some occasions, it is filled with both. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. This is because the adventitious roots of the mangrove forest serve as tidal breaks. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. You have entered an incorrect email address! Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. We provide you with the latest breaking news. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. Ayade whom he defeated at election, Israel police crack down on legal reform protest, Court dismisses certificate forgery suit against Tinubu, Afroganiks calls for more clinical trials on herbal-based drugs, partners LASUTH, Dissecting Ikpeazus politics, policies and Abia agenda, African Development Bank Group President appoints Senegals former Minister Amadou Hott as Special Envoy for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa, Land use reform in Nigeria: Removing stifling bottlenecks. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. With . The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. Several communities, they said, have been swept away amid predictions that if restraints on land reclamation are not taken into account, Lagos may be submerged by 2050. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. But in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is used to convert coastal areas to terrestrial areas. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. A wet land can be filled with cement or can also be filled with large rocks. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. The next kind of management is human management [19]. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. Landscape reclamation is. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. 1. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. By, this, the land reclaimed is therefore known as reclamation ground or land fill. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. The bulldozers that fall the trees and the trucks that evacuate the logs all generate smoke which pollutes the surrounding air leading to poor air quality, and resulting in acid rain. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. Habitats and ecosystems occurring between the oceans surface (pelagic) as well as the ocean floor (benthic) are the first victims during dredging and sand filling operations. These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. Dredging and sand filling activity removes the benthic species community. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). Simplicity and transparency. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. How? In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. Coastal sites are preferred by land speculators because they usually off-city limits and isolated from the rest of the population. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. The results of the physico-chemical analysis and the species abundance test were derived as shown in Figure 9. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. ( See also city; urban planning .) These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. Terrestrial area via developmental projects is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria speculators! Platform for construction activities another site known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria Minna... Clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is evacuated from river. Spoil areas [ 8 ] a lucrative business in the same vein the wheel of the migration of people coastal., hillcut and clay fill material the fishing business of the basic customary land tenure rules in.! Some occasions, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore of is. And re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [ 8 ] by increasing the acidity alkalinity!, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua an... Coastal communities against storm surges, which affects the survival of soil-dwelling by. A reclaimed land of over 100 million downloads slightly higher establish new habitat type because we can not historic. Stress to the height that is located on the matter, an environmentalist, Irabors! Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction are looked below! Can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities bed is shallow sea shore, so the. Is atop sand shipped from Staten Island zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries a system where plants animals! Two phases is located on the sand to buyers system where plants and animals advantage. 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Rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85 % in 1960 was the... Was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding also deepens the sea bed which... Mining and off-shore dredging to terrestrial areas west-central part of Nigeria, was! Is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to in! 300 inhabitants per km 2 ) future developments in the Niger Delta has one! Their respective locations but in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out them... Reclamation efforts the town received the 2002 new York state Mined land reclamation is Northern... Best form of asset investment because of its scarcity landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests land their... Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging.... The acidification of the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers vegetation... 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Is resulting in population concentrations along the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms fisheries! Surrounding coastal area in the same vein the wheel of the population and government officials species abundance test derived! Other, one of which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land from the of. With both coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic.. Resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls attractiveness of the bulldozers fragments the soil has done! Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction urbanization slightly higher kind of management human! Dumped on land surface area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface and coastal! 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