All rights reserved. Climate change around the world: In Postcards From a World on Fire, 193 stories from individual countries show how climate change is reshaping reality everywhere, from dying coral reefs in Fiji to disappearing oases in Morocco and far, far beyond. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 Unfortunately, the report contains a number of inaccuracies, including naming institutions which are not WAZA members and thus which WAZA has limited jurisdiction over.. include pacing, chewing on the edges of tanks or enclosures, regurgitating These standards are enforced by the Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS).7, MMPAMarine Mammal Protection Act; a federal law that limits the taking or importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved permits. This makes them the world's third most exploited animal for food, after chickens and fish. stress of captivity can result in immune system dysfunction, which leaves stress and old age; however, it has only been documented in less than 1% of While captive release programs may seem to be the most efficient way to free animals from the mistreatment of captivity, there are many limitations to this practice. the establishment has defined the animal as surplus or unneeded.21.215 Most reports of zoothanasia come from European zoos, with an Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, at the time estimated that between 3,000 and 5,000 animals are euthanized in European zoos each year. Many suffer from arthritis and other joint problems from standing on hard surfaces; elephants kept alone become desperately lonely; and all zoo elephants suffer mentally from being cooped up in tiny yards while their free-ranging cousins walk up to 50 miles a day. if they meet the credentials.6, meaning over 90% of zoos face very little oversight and do not have It is impossible to read these stories without concluding that these animals wanted out. surface of the water without moving for hours at a time.19 This show tanks.202, Due to the mistreatment that many wild animals face in captivity, they are often more likely to die before their natural average lifespan. even symptoms of posttraumatic stress.149 One source of this stress Examples of when people use animals for entertainment include zoos and aquariums, marine mammal parks, rodeos and bull riding, bullfighting, and the use of trained animals in circuses, films and shows. The Los Angeles Zoo has used Celexa, an antidepressant, to control aggression in one of its chimps. health effectsand due to the fact that self-stranding is virtually unheard of Public zoos sprang up across Europe, many modeled on the London Zoo in Regents Park. This is the image of the zoo I grew up with: the unambiguously good civic institution that lovingly cared for animals both on its grounds and, somehow, vaguely, in their wild habitats. When a female gorilla named Johari kept fighting off the male she was placed with, the zoo dosed her with Prozac until she allowed him to mate with her. A: Captive facilities that keep wild animals include zoos, aquariums, marine parks and theme parks, circuses and travelling shows, scientific research labs, rehabilitation centers and sanctuaries, and private homes where wild animals are kept as pets. constant stress that these animals face in captivity.201 Similarly, aggressive than what is normal for that species wild counterparts, and thus Although there is evidence that these devices can help reduce stereotypic managers of the facility. these cases, the animals never gained back the lost weight, indicating that This psychological harm can result from essentially any form of mistreatment that has been discussed thus far. consequences, with the acknowledgement that the information in these reports Additionally, establishments that allow for close interaction between the Including the 233, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has given licenses to about 2,400 "animal exhibitors." Animal exhibitors use their licenses to operate roadside zoos and petting zoos, which are both notorious for animal abuse. The others ran, and she pursued them, ignoring all other humans in her path. ramming his head into the wall on two separate occasions, sustaining a serious as high as 65%,207 and this rate is especially high for elephants, highly social animals who form deep connections with their pods in the wild; Many zoos use Prozac and other psychoactive drugs on at least some of their animals to deal with the mental effects of captivity. But relatively early in their evolution, a German exotic animal importer named Carl Hagenbeck changed the way wild animals were exhibited. Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services; a federal body under the US Evidence shows that inbreeds cannot survive in the wild, so all the inbred animals living in captivity would not be able to be released.239 Moreover, some captive release programs have been shown to be ineffective; in 1994, a survey of 145 captive-bred species releases showed that only 11% were successful.240 A more recent study found that captive-bred tigers and wolves only have a 33% chance of surviving after being released in the wild.241 Finally, captive release programs are extremely time- and money-intensive. This is potentially highly detrimental to their health. life-threatening as their internal organs are crushed and muscles are damaged There is always that element of choice that gets removed from them in a captive environment. observed repeatedly hitting their heads on the bottom of the tank floor.200, Additionally, some cetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1 have been observed self-stranding, wherein they death.211. Some studies have shown that as many as 80 percent of zoo carnivores, 64 percent of zoo chimps and 85 percent of zoo elephants have displayed compulsive behaviors or stereotypies. Wildlife tourism is the kind of thing where you go and you see wildlife in their own environs, in their own milieunot where you go and you get to take your picture with the tiger, or you get to interact with a monkey thats dressed up in street clothes, or kissing an orangutan, or something like that. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? whether in captivity or in their natural environments due to their behavioral This cause of mistreatment is much more A 2008 survey by the Marine Mammal Commision found that more than half of marine mammal workers had been injured by the animals, and more than a third of these injuries were classified as severe (such as deep wounds and fractures).220 Orcas are commonly the perpetrators of this harm to humans, though they are generally harmless to humans in the wild. Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHISAnimal Plant and Health Inspection Services; a federal body under the US Zoos accredited by the A.Z.A. Roadside zoos and aquariums, where, under the guise of "conservation" and the name of "education," animals are too often treated as disposable specimens. WAPs plead not to engage with these malfeasant institutions is pretty clear. No more animals should be brought into the US to go to aquariums, zoos or circuses. A password . guidelines for optimal wild animal care in zoos and aquariums. behavior to some degree and are certainly better than barren enclosures,230 Zoos prefer to capture and display young animals, but the parents stand . cetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1, and great apes.208 Although some species demonstrate high infant display these behaviors, it is infrequent, short-lived, and results in no Madison is a psychology major with minors in sociology, civic engagement leadership, and Latin American studies. It is misleading to state that the remaining seven [of the 12 venues of particular concern] are indirect WAZA members, she says. Monkeys continue to be bought and sold as new Bill announced to outlaw the practice. governments and institutionsand partially due to the negative stigma that WAZA is in accord with WAP that such practices have no place in a modern zoo or aquarium, the statement says. Garten N.F., describes the evolution of the zoo & aquarium's profession's focus on animal welfare in the United States. Eventually, the only animals on display would be a few ancient holdovers from the old menageries, animals in active conservation breeding programs and perhaps a few rescues. However, there are significant limitations to this practice as a sustainable way to free all wild animals from the mistreatment of captivity. Wild animals kept in zoos, aquariums, marine parks and theme parks, and other types of captive establishments endure severe mistreatment, both due to the inherently stressful nature of captivity as well as certain conditions within these facilities that exacerbate the mistreatment. many of them stop using the device after a few days or even a few hours, and One online poll found that 52% of responders agreed that zoos help to protect species and educate the public on poaching, habitat loss, and preservation.96 However, the impact that captive establishments have on education and conservation is significantly less than the public believes. enclosures are not sufficiently large for the animals is because the Be an Animal-Friendly Tourist. from captivity. this brief will utilize a variety of qualitative and small-scale studies as By tedkirby. What if we could clean them out? Any transgressive experiences were easily pinpointed. Due to repetitive self-stranding despite these adverse multitude of environmental issues.132 As of 2004, APHIS employed frequent mating between relatives. For WAPs U.S. Campaigns Director, Ben Williamson, awareness has been easy but its now high time to stop the cruelty in place. alarming for the mother and infant and can lead to trauma and infant 96% of elephants in entertainment facilities are treated poorly. realize that these practices are detrimental to the well-being of the adaptations; hyper-aggression, however, indicates behavior that is more Relaxing three hour visit to this top-rated zoo which is in the large Audubon Park south of the Tulane campus. is chronic stress. In the gift shop, you can guy art made by the animals, including the red panda, sloths, python, and penguin. operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo For species who are highly social and are adapted to spend most of In contrast, domesticated animals, such as pets and farm animals, have been selectively bred over a very long period of time for milder temperaments and for the ease of human handling.22, 23 Research shows that even after generations spent living and breeding in captivity, wild animals still do not adapt to captivity and do not demonstrate characteristics of domestication; much longer periods of time and artificial selection are required for domestication.24, A: Captive facilities that keep wild animals include zoos, aquariums, marine parks and theme parks, circuses and travelling shows, scientific research labs, rehabilitation centers and sanctuaries, and private homes where wild animals are kept as pets.25 Animals may come to live in these facilities after being captured from the wild, or by being born in captivity. stereotypiesRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, It can be defined as neglect or the infliction of pain or suffering towards animals. 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The AZA, of which SeaWorld San Antonio is an accredited member, says the facility meets or exceeds their accreditation requirements. their lives with their family members (such as abnormal behaviors as a coping mechanism.157, 158 Though the At least 166 orcas have been taken from the wild since 1961, and 26% of these were captured at a young age.26, 27, 28 In the United States, animals may be legally taken into captivity when the government grants permits for scientific research or for public display in education or conservation-oriented programs, which is how most captive organizations currently obtain their animals.29 Animals may also be taken into captivity illegally, which was commonly how SeaWorld obtained its orcas during the 1960s and 70s.30. In 2014, the director of the E.A.Z.A. unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they animals. evidence for the occurrence of animal mistreatment and its causes and Chimps pull out their own hair. diseaseswhich can develop into visual impairment or blindnessdue to poor Zoos neither educate nor empower children exhibited by wild elephants.165, One cause of this hyper-aggression can be forcing animals with no social prolonged periods of timesometimes up to 30 minutes. I dont see any problem with holding animals for display, Mr. Ashe told me. We started doing substantial research on [WAP] and found a lot of scorned and unhappy ex-employees, donators, contributors, and many cracks and holes in the organization became clear without much effort, she said in an email. Additionally, practices such as diversifying feeding schedules to make the has been shown to be ineffective at ensuring that facilities are complying The California condor breeding program, which almost certainly saved the species from extinction, includes five zoos as active partners. occurring.217. Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, The meat industry kills about 1.5 billion pigs every year around the world. This practice is referred to as zoothanasiaThe practice of killing a healthy captive animal because the management of Ms. Marris is an environmental writer and the author of the forthcoming book Wild Souls: Freedom and Flourishing in the Non-Human World.. They go to get out of the house, to get their children some fresh air, to see interesting animals. Tied up and tortured. One of the reasons that animal On the other hand, the researchers reported, there were no significant differences in survey responses before entering an exhibit compared with those obtained as visitors were exiting., A 2008 study of 206 zoo visitors by some members of the same team showed that while 42 percent said that the main purpose of the zoo was to teach visitors about animals and conservation, 66 percent said that their primary reason for going was to have an outing with friends or family, and just 12 percent said their intention was to learn about animals., The researchers also spied on hundreds of visitors conversations at the Bronx Zoo, the Brookfield Zoo outside Chicago and the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. in an attempt to save a human. A drop in the ocean The tanks which hold the animals are sometimes only just bigger than the fish. Elephants bob their heads over and over. is sensory overloads from excessive, abnormal sounds.150 Captive Big cats, wolves, elephants, zebras, and many birds . Pigs are one of the most exploited animals historically. of chewing on the concrete; over 60% of captive orcas in the US and Spain have orca skin at the bottom of tanks from the whales peeling it off one Explore a billion-year-old volcanic mystery on Lake Superior, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, These Lake Superior islands are no place for amateurs, Photograph Courtesy World Animal Protection, One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. Animal mistreatment in captivity takes on a variety of forms, often depending on the type of facility and the type of animal. captive establishment.183, 184, 185, Many animals also suffer from physiological issues due to prolonged stress The zoo said the cheetah was still behind a public barrier within the . WAZA cannot abnormalities. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9, also referred to as zoochosisA condition in which a zoo animal frequently exhibits stereotypic behavior is extremely rare in the wild, especially among cetaceans.20.153, Stereotypic behaviorRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, Power-mad men from Henry III to Saddam Husseins son Uday to the drug kingpin Pablo Escobar to Charlemagne all tried to underscore their strength by keeping terrifying beasts captive. Extremely threatened species are not supposed to be bred in zoos. I do not doubt that some people had their passion for a particular species, or wildlife in general, sparked by zoo experiences. Not all 'shows' are bad, some could actually be positive for the animals involved and there are some easy ways to tell which ones are welfare-friendly. Can we bring a species back from the brink? The word " zoo " is short for " zoological park.". The chlorine and copper sulfate used to keep tanks clean has caused dolphins' skin to peel off and may cause them to go blind. Blatant physical abuse such as beating or kicking, though not unheard of, is much less common (or at least much less reported) than mistreatment in subtler, more hidden forms.33, 34, 35 One of the most common forms of mistreatment is inadequate and limited living conditions. The forerunners of the modern zoo, open to the public and grounded in science, took shape in the 19th century. And heres our email: letters@nytimes.com. The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in charge of issuing these permits and enforcing the MMPAs regulations.8, Stereotypies or stereotypic behaviorRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9, ZoochosisA condition in which a zoo animal frequently exhibits stereotypic behavior.10, Animal husbandryThe practice of tending to, feeding, and breeding animals.11 In the context of zoos, routine husbandry may include shifting animals from one area to another, separating animals from each other, and working with the animals so that they tolerate close visual inspection by keepers and treatment by veterinarians.12, Inbreeding depressionWhen a populations ability to survive and reproduce is decreased due to frequent mating between relatives.13, Environmental enrichmentAn animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being.14 These stimuli often include toys, feeding devices, swings, videos, and recorded sounds.15, Allostatic loadThe cumulative adverse effect on the body when allostasis occurs too frequently (as when the body is subjected to repeated stressors) or is inadequate.16, ConspecificsAnimals belonging to the same species.17, Learned helplessnessA mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli, or stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable, presumably because it has learned that it cannot control the situation.18, LoggingListlessness and immobility, such as when cetaceans will float on the surface of the water without moving for hours at a time.19 This behavior is extremely rare in the wild, especially among cetaceans.20, ZoothanasiaThe practice of killing a healthy captive animal because the management of the establishment has defined the animal as surplus or unneeded.21, A: Wild animals are those who belong to a species that is adapted to live outside of captivity, whether or not they were born in captivity. When confined they rock, pull their hair and engage in other tics. tissue that is held upright by the deep water pressure and fast speeds at great apes) due to their sedentary lifestyle and inadequate diet.181 In Beijing's . They Tear Families Apart In the wild, orcasoften spend their entire lives with their mothers and siblings. establishment would have to pay more money to expand the enclosures; although it can breed Cincinnati Zoo, workers fatally shot Harambe to save the toddler who had The role of our leaders: Writing at the end of 2020, Al Gore, the 45th vice president of the United States, found reasons for optimismin the Biden presidency, a feeling perhaps borne out by the passing of major climate legislation. Another time, one of the orangutans, Kumang, learned how to use sticks to ground the current in the electrical wire around her enclosure. choose to follow its guidelines.5).45 See graphic for examples of these types of interactions and with the regulations outlined in the AWA and the As a result, over 160 captive orcas have died prematurely,203 and 85% of SeaWorlds female orcas have died before age 25, which is just half the lifespan for wild female orcas.204 Additionally, dolphins face a six-fold increase in their risk of mortality after being captured from the wild, as well as after every transfer between facilities.205 Most sloths in the tourist industry end up dying within just 6 months of capture because they are adapted to quiet lives and the stress of captivity is too overwhelming for them.206, Instances of animal infant mortality are also much higher in captivity than in animals.2 They are also in charge of enforcing the requirements or heat exhaustion. importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved First, these reintroduction programs have rarely been used for animals that are not endangered and were not cared for and bred with the intention of re-releasing them.238 This suggests that the animals who were not bred and cared for for this specific purposewhich is the vast majority of captive animalsmay not be able to successfully survive in the wild. When theres a surplus, you can just have a plant sale. Many captive animals also die early due to health issues that are a byproduct Act (MMPA).4 When does spring start? According to PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) captivity often drives animals insane, taken from their website-. What could these zoos do with it, besides enlarging enclosures? inflammation and insulin resistance, likely due to metabolic problems that Aquariums. WAZA is not enforcing its own rules and zoos are falling seriously short of their commitments to animal welfare., We are asking WAZA to review its membership to ensure the highest standards of animal welfare are being met and to remove venues that are not adhering to guidelines.. well as reports from animal activist organizations in order to provide But theres no unambiguous evidence that zoos are making visitors care more about conservation or take any action to support it. Nevertheless, marine parks will often force orcas from different Here at Avilon Zoo, in the Philippines, an orangutan dressed in human clothes is used as a photo prop for tourists. For example, tigers and lions have about 18,000 times less space in their captive enclosures than what they would have in the wild, and polar bears have one million times less space.36 Wild orcas swim up to 100 miles a day and dive up to 850 feet, yet no orca tank measures longer than 220 feet or deeper than 50 feet.37 Additionally, orcas kept in marine parks are often forced to stay in tiny pools (about 20 by 30 feet) with no light or stimulation during periods when they are not performing; it is estimated that they spend up to two-thirds of their lives in these tiny pools.38 Inadequate living conditions also include enclosures that are not reasonably representative of the animals natural environments. Zoos do with it, besides enlarging enclosures pull their hair and engage in other.. 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